Diabetes is a condition where the body cannot or has a more difficult time using and storing sugar. This results in excess sugar in the bloodstream that can cause damage to small vessels throughout the whole body, some of which can be found in the eyes. Damage to the eyes caused by diabetes is called Diabetic Retinopathy and it affects about 1 in 3 people diagnosed with diabetes. When the blood vessels in the eye become damaged, they can leak and bleed and cause vision loss.
 

What occurs during a diabetic eye exam?

A diabetic eye exam requires your pupils to be dilated (or enlarged) using eye drops. This allows the doctor to see a full view of the back of your eye to examine the entirety of the retina. Additional photographs or scans may also be taken to rule out any swelling caused by the leaky blood vessels, or what is called Diabetic Macular Edema. If there is none or minimal retinopathy, the follow-up is likely an annual dilated eye exam, but you may be recommended to come in sooner if any more significant changes are noted.

Signs/Symptoms

Early diabetic retinopathy may present with no symptoms, which is why it is important to come in for a diabetic eye check. The earlier diabetic retinopathy is found, the sooner treatment can be initiated if needed and prevent significant vision loss. About 90% of vision loss from diabetes can be prevented with early detection. Decrease in visual acuity is the most commonly noted sign in progressed diabetic retinopathy. Vision can fluctuate as your blood sugars go up or down. Diabetes can cause patients to get cataracts or a clouding of the natural lens of the eye prematurely. Diabetes also doubles your chances of getting glaucoma, which is an irreversible damage to the optic nerve.

Treatments

Treatments for diabetic retinopathy can include injections, lasers, and intraocular surgery. These are done by an ophthalmology retina specialist that your primary eye care provider would refer you to when needed.

Prevention

• Your blood sugars, blood pressure, and cholesterol all contribute to your risk of diabetic retinopathy. Continue to work with your primary care doctor or endocrinologist to best control these factors to help prevent vision loss.
• Get your diabetic eye exam annually or sooner if indicated by your eye care provider.
• If you notice any vision changes, call your eye care provider to schedule an appointment—do not wait for your annual exam.

Author: Dr. Aleksandra "Ola" Stratton